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Numeric functions return finite Numeric values. Inputs outside a function’s mathematical domain produce a formula error instead of NaN or infinity.

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Acos

Returns the arccosine of a number in radians.
  • Syntax: Acos(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric value from -1 through 1.
  • Returns: Numeric angle in radians.
  • Best for: geometry and calculations that start with a cosine ratio.

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Asin

Returns the arcsine of a number in radians.
  • Syntax: Asin(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric value from -1 through 1.
  • Returns: Numeric angle in radians.
  • Best for: geometry and calculations that start with a sine ratio.

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Atan

Returns the arctangent of a number in radians.
  • Syntax: Atan(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric value.
  • Returns: Numeric angle in radians.
  • Best for: slopes, bearings, and right-triangle calculations.

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Cos

Returns the cosine of an angle.
  • Syntax: Cos(radians)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in radians.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: geometry, oscillation, and vector calculations.

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Cot

Returns the cotangent of an angle.
  • Syntax: Cot(radians)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in radians where the tangent is not zero.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: geometry formulas that use adjacent divided by opposite.

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Degrees

Converts an angle from radians to degrees.
  • Syntax: Degrees(radians)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in radians.
  • Returns: Numeric angle in degrees.
  • Best for: displaying a calculated angle in familiar units.

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Exp

Raises Euler’s number e to a supplied power.
  • Syntax: Exp(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric exponent whose result remains finite.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: growth, decay, and continuous compounding.

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Frac

Returns the fractional part left after truncating a number toward zero.
  • Syntax: Frac(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric value.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: separating whole and fractional quantities.
For negative inputs, the fractional result is also negative.

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Int

Returns the integer part of a number by truncating toward zero.
  • Syntax: Int(number)
  • Requires: a Numeric value.
  • Returns: whole Numeric value.
  • Best for: extracting completed units without rounding.

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Ln

Returns the natural logarithm, using base e.
  • Syntax: Ln(number)
  • Requires: a positive Numeric value.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: exponential models and continuous growth calculations.

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Log

Returns the base-10 logarithm.
  • Syntax: Log(number)
  • Requires: a positive Numeric value.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: orders of magnitude and logarithmic scales.

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Pi

Returns the mathematical constant π.
  • Syntax: Pi()
  • Requires: no arguments.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: circle, angle, and periodic calculations.

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PV

Calculates the present value of zero or more equal future payments.
  • Syntax: PV(rate, periodsUntilFirstPayment, payment[, paymentCount])
  • Requires: Numeric periodic rate, Numeric delay, Numeric payment amount, and optional non-negative whole-number payment count. The rate must be greater than -1. Payment count defaults to 1.
  • Returns: Numeric present value.
  • Best for: discounted recurring payments and finance projections.
Use the rate per payment period—for example, a monthly rate when each period is one month. When paymentCount is 0, the result is 0.

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Radians

Converts an angle from degrees to radians.
  • Syntax: Radians(degrees)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in degrees.
  • Returns: Numeric angle in radians.
  • Best for: preparing degree-based data for trigonometric functions.

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Random

Creates a pseudo-random number for the current evaluation.
  • Syntax: Random() or Random(minimum, maximum)
  • Requires: no arguments, or two Numeric bounds where maximum is greater than minimum.
  • Returns: Numeric from 0 up to but not including 1, or from the supplied minimum up to but not including the maximum.
  • Best for: sampling, shuffling keys, and non-security-sensitive variation.
Do not use Random for passwords, access tokens, signatures, or other security decisions.

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Sin

Returns the sine of an angle.
  • Syntax: Sin(radians)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in radians.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: geometry, oscillation, and vector calculations.

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Sqrt

Returns the square root of a number.
  • Syntax: Sqrt(number)
  • Requires: a non-negative Numeric value.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: distances, standard deviation steps, and geometric calculations.

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Tan

Returns the tangent of an angle.
  • Syntax: Tan(radians)
  • Requires: a Numeric angle in radians whose result remains finite.
  • Returns: Numeric.
  • Best for: slopes and right-triangle calculations.
Use Radians before Sin, Cos, Tan, or Cot when your source angle is stored in degrees.
Last modified on September 7, 2026